History of boko haram in nigeria and their activities legit. The state of insecurity engendered by boko haram insurgency in nigeria. Boko haram seeks the establishment of an islamic state in nigeria. Boko haram and isiswa conducted numerous attacks targeting civilians. Below is the most comprehensive history of boko haram insurgency in nigeria starting from the first attack in 2009 till date. At about age eighteen, he moved to kano, in what is today northern nigeria, and. Cameroon has become a hub for boko haram ideological infiltration, and other reports suggest that boko haram is using cameroon as a place of.
History of boko haram founded in the muslimdominated northern nigeria in 2002 by mohammed yusuf, boko haram was originally labeled as the nigerian taliban because of its ideology and methods. Boko haram, cameroons similar characteristics to nigeria, such as a relatively poor majority muslim north and a wealthier majority christian south, make it an ideal recruiting ground for boko haram. The historical background of boko haram boko haram literally translated as western education is a sin is a genocidal criminal movement led by an islamist extremist, abubakar shekau, who has vowed to destroy every christian school in nigeria, and to carry out terrorist attacks on nigerian government police and government officials. Their activities negatively affected the economy of those parts of northern nigeria. In 20, the nigerian military intensified its campaign against boko haram. This brought about the recognition of boko haram as an international terrorist group.
Examining the boko haram insurgency in northern nigeria and the quest for a permanent resolution of the crisis joseph olukayode akinbi ph. The history of boko haram boko harams origins lie in a group of radical islamist youth who worshipped at the alhaji muhammadu ndimi mosque in maiduguri a decade ago. Boko haram, a movement claiming to act in the name of islam, has killed tens of thousands of people in nigeria and the neighboring countries of niger, chad, and cameroon. Following the recent tragedies in nigeria, linked to boko haram, jideofor adibe discusses the emergence of the terrorist group and how their radicalization has impacted the countrys nation. After decades of vacillating between periods of military rule and democracy, punctuated by coups, the nigerian fourth republic began as general abdusalami abubakar peacefully handed over power to olusegun obasanjo after democratic elections. Only by closely examining boko haram s history in northeast ern nigeria does it become possible to identify critical junc tures in the movements trajectory. Education is the key to national development in nigeria. Yusuf also demanded the full implementation of the sharia in nigeria to usher in the perfect islamic state. In 2015 the group began calling itself islamic state in west africa. Boko haram insurgency in nigeria as a symptom of poverty and. The history of boko haram in nigeria the islamic fundamentalist group, boko haram, has admitted of.
This research explores the theoretical categorization of boko haram as a terrorist organization and the effects of extrajudicial killing and an ineffective judicial system in providing a fertile ground for terrorism in nigeria. The history of boko haram cannot be disentangled from the immense political change nigeria underwent during the 1999 transition to democracy. The hausa applied the term boko to western forms of education so when the term haram is appended to it the intent is. View cnn s fast facts on boko haram and learn more about the militant islamic group based in nigeria, whose purpose is to institute sharia, or islamic law. Boko haram crisis, chatham house, september 2014, s. In 2002, an offshoot of this youth group not yet known as boko haram declared the city and the islamic establishment to be intolerably corrupt and irredeemable. The nickname boko haram was given by local communities to.
Among the mostpressing concerns in jonathans first full term as president was the ongoing threat presented by boko haram, an islamic sectarian movement founded in 2002 in northeastern nigeria. This is against the backdrop of the rising spate of violent attacks. Yusuf muhammads teaching propagated hatred toward western civilization. The roots of boko haram lie in the islamic history of northern nigeria, in which for some 800 years powerful sultanates centered around the hausa cities close to kano and the sultanate of borno roughly the region of the states of borno and yobe together with parts of chad constituted high muslim civilizations. Boko haram is a radical islamist movement shaped by its nigerian context and reflecting.
The development of a militant religious movement in nigeria roman loimeier abstract. Historical and politicaleconomic exploration, by kola ibrahim, 2015 as a testament to samuel huntingtons clash of civilisation theory, which is also manifesting in what mary kaldor describes as new wars, a new dimension of conflicts has established itself in international politics. Nigeria has a history of islamist sects within its borders. Check out our article on the history of boko haram in nigeria to understand the severity of the groups actions. In late 2018 crisis groups senior analyst for gender azadeh moaveni went to northeast nigeria, which has been the epicenter of the fight between boko haram and the nigerian military, to explore how effectively women formerly associated with the group have been rehabilitated and. Boko haram is an islamist movement founded in 2002 by yusuf muhammad in borno state of northeast nigeria. Since 2009 the group has carried out largescale acts of violence.
Stabilizing northeast nigeria after boko haram carnegie. The growing connection between boko haram and al qaeda is alarming to observers of the region who fear that boko haram will begin striking outside nigeria. Historical evoulution of boko haram the history and development of boko haram insurgents group in north eastern nigeria can be divided into two phase. Boko harams campaign against education and enlightenment.
His major fields of interest are the history of muslim. Its stated goal is to overthrow the secular government of nigeria and replace it with an islamic system. Timeline of boko haram insurgency in nigeria from 2009. Boko haram, islamic sectarian movement founded in 2002 in northeastern nigeria.
This study adopts poverty theory to examine the threat of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security. Muhammad sani imam, muhammad kyari, yusufuyya and the state. Boko haram emerged in maiduguri and not in kano or sokoto, or in any of the other numerous nigerian and sahelian cities where one can find poverty, corruption, and radical preachers. The movement is unique in that it combines a sectarian, radical islamic agenda with violence. Boko harams story begins with a preacher named mohammed marwa, born in 1927. Since 2009, the radical muslim movement in northern nigeria known as boko haram has become widely known in western media for both its militant actions and its ultrafundamentalist programme. For example, in plateau state, in nigerias middle belt, there. Understanding nigerian citizens perspectives on boko haram. Pdf the ideological evolution of boko haram in nigeria. The ideological evolution of boko haram in nigeria. Boko haram was founded as a sunni islamic fundamentalist sect, influenced by the wahhabi movement, advocating a strict form of sharia law. Nigerias history of poor governance and extreme poverty in the north. Since may 20, the federal government of nigeria has been trying to address the threat of boko haram by military means. The most bizarre of all the activities of boko haram was the kidnapping of almost 300 schoolgirls by the boko haram terrorists between 14 th and 15 th of april, 2014.
Boko haram et le terrorisme islamiste au nigeria sciences po. The origins of boko haramand why it matters by audu. Boko haram, a militant group based in nigerias northwestern states of yobe and borno, claimed responsibility. Boko haram and the islamic states west africa province. Nigeria has had a long and unfortunate history of communal conflicts and ethnoreligious violence. After years of tension and a series of minor incidents, things finally exploded in july 2009 when a prominent member of boko haram died, and a large number of them were on the way to bury him. Not all have been violent movements, some existing peacefully in parallel with the state. The anatomy of a crisis 10 since 2009 boko haram has become a metaphor for insecurity in nigeria after the government launched a clampdown on the group, which resulted in some 800 deaths, mostly of the sect members. The violent boko haram attacks have left deep scars, both visible and invisible. These operations are ongoing and its details are shrouded in secrecy, but judging by the results, they have so far failed to root. Boko haram recruited and forcefully conscripted child soldiers and carried out scores of suicide bombings, many by young women and girls forced into doing so and other attacks on population centers in the northeast and in cameroon, chad, and niger. Boko haram and the islamic states west africa province boko haram emerged in the early 2000s as a small sunni islamic sect in nigeria advocating a strict interpretation and implementation of islamic law, and has evolved since 2009 to become one of the worlds deadliest terrorist groups. Boko haram, the islamist terrorist group originating from nigeria is frightened by this.
Alleged boko haram leader, abubakar shekau 1 jonathan reynolds, scholar of northern nigeria at northern kentucky university, prepared this essay may 12, 2014 as an introduction to boko haram. D department of history, adeyemi federal university of education p. Boko haram follows a purely military insurgency model and. Pdf boko haram insurgency in nigeria as a symptom of poverty. Since 2009, boko haram has transformed itself from a cultlike religious movement into a revolutionary insurgent organization. Nigeria has a long history of communal conflicts, many of which were only suppressed under military rule. The name boko haram is a hausa name which only the hausa peoples understood and is a compound name comprised of hausa and arabic.
To understand what led to the abductions one must first look backward, not only at the formation of boko haram itself, but also at the complex history of nigeria, islam in west africa and the deep corruption that has robbed the continents biggest oil producer, largest economy and most populous nation of even basic development, keeping the. Nigerias population of an estimated 200 million people is plagued by an alarming level of violence, which is driven by a toxic mix of brutal extremist groups, criminal gangs and a cropland crisis. Federal university lafia, nigeria abstract this paper explores the humanitarian impact of terrorism in nigeria from the standpoint of boko haram insurgency. The study presented the historical analyses of the effect of boko haram insurgency on educational management in northern nigeria. The historical background of boko haram genocide watch. Pdf it is almost three years ago that a group of northern nigerian militants that. In the early years of the conflict, most western governments saw boko haram primarily as a. The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national. The movement is diffuse, and fighters associated with it do not necessarily follow salafi doctrine. The boko haram sect, though has been existence since 2001, did not become popular in nigeria until 2009, when it participated actively in the sectarian violence, which occurred then in northern nigeria mohammed yusuf, who remained the groups leader until men of the nigerian armed forces killed him in 2009, founded the boko haram sect. This paper aims to examine the historical evolution of boko haram, its causes.
It vehemently affirmed the infallibility of the quran as the uncreated and eternal word of allah. Religion remains a huge factor in the nigerian polity, which competes for legitimacy with. Information service nigeria country of origin information report pdf. The rise of boko haram in nigeria combating terrorism. Nelson mandela once said, education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
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